Method for polymerisation of (meth)acrylic acid in solution, polymer solutions obtained and their uses

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a new solvent-free preparation method of a (meth)acrylic acid polymer in solution, where said polymer has a molecular weight less than 8,000 g/mol and a polydispersity IP index between 2 and 3 by radical polymerisation, the polymers obtained by this means, and their applications in industry.

The present invention relates to the technical field of radicalpolymerisation of (meth)acrylic acid. More specifically, the presentinvention relates to a new method for radical polymerisation, thepolymers obtained by this means and their applications in industry.

Radical polymerisation methods conventionally require that a chaintransfer agent, a source of free radicals, and optionally, a catalyst,are brought into contact in at least one solvent of monomers to bepolymerised.

The principal goal when a polymerisation method is concerned is toobtain a polymer which has a molecular weight suitable for theapplication for which it is intended. The aim of the present inventionis to obtain polymers of molecular weight less than 8,000 g/mol, forexample of about 6,000 g/mol.

Different methods of radical polymerisation exist.

The methods which use organic solvents, for example secondary alcoholssuch as isopropanol, may firstly be mentioned. These methods arecurrently not satisfactory since they generate volatile organiccompounds (VOC). On the one hand, it is necessary to eliminate thesesolvents at the end of the reaction, which makes the industrial processof a polymer preparation more complex. On the other hand, the health andenvironment effects of these solvents are known to be very harmful, sothat we try to avoid producing them. Lastly, even after purification(distillation), traces of solvent still remain in the polymer solution.

Other methods for synthesizing polyacrylic polymers exist which takeplace in water, and which do not generate volatile organic compounds.

In these methods, we may use hydrogen peroxide, which plays the role ofinitiator, as well as, for example, copper sulphate, which plays therole of catalyst, and of chain transfer agent. Nonetheless, to obtain apolymer which has a molecular weight less than 8,000 g/mol, for exampleof about 6,000 g/mol, substantial quantities of catalyst must be added,which generates substantial quantities of polluting by-products.

Alternatively, thiolactic acid, or another RSH mercaptan is used, as anadditional chain transfer agent but, once again, to obtain a polymerwith a molecular weight less than 8,000 g/mol, for example of about6,000 g/mol, substantial quantities of thiolactic acid, or moregenerally of transfer agent, must be added.

Still other methods use sodium hypophosphite, of chemical formulaNaPO₂H₂, as a chain transfer and oxidation-reduction agent, in thepresence of hydrogen peroxide or radical generator. This has the majordisadvantage of requiring large amounts of sodium hypophosphite, afraction of the phosphorus being found grafted in the polymer, andanother fraction of the phosphorus being found as phosphate salts in theprocess waters. This constitutes firstly a disadvantage when using thepolymer, and secondly a pollutant for the environment.

Among the various methods of radical polymerisation, controlled radicalpolymerisation of RAFT (Reversible Addition Fragmentation chainTransfer) type may also be mentioned, which allows live polymerisationof a monomer. The principle of live polymerisation by RAFT is describedin document WO 98/01478. The chain transfer agent together with themonomer to be polymerised are initially placed in a reactor, togetherwith the radical generator, so that the method causes an exchange offunctionality on the growing chains (Macromolecules; 10 Jul. 2012, vol15, n° 13, p 5321-5342). The source of free radicals is then added, heatis applied, and the reaction is continued until a polymer with theexpected molecular weight is obtained. It is indeed possible with such amethod to accurately control the reaction conditions, so as to obtain apolymer with the desired molecular weight. Such a method also enables toobtain polymers with low polydispersity IP indices (also calledpolymolecularity index), which makes them particularly efficient forcertain applications. Nonetheless, the conversion rates of acrylic aciddescribed in this document are very low.

Documents WO 02/070571 and WO 2005/095466, for their part, describe acontrolled radical polymerisation method of acrylic acid by means ofsulphurous chain transfer agents, which provides an excellent conversionrate of the monomers to be obtained.

Document WO 2006/024706 describes acrylic acid polymers obtained by RAFTtype method and the various uses of these polymers.

More specifically, document WO 02/070571 describes in particulartrithiocarbonate compounds of type (I), including dibenzyltrithiocarbonate (II). Documents WO 2005/095466 and WO 2006/024706, fortheir part, describe very particular water-soluble trithiocarbonates oftype (III). The formulas of these compounds are given below.

where R represents an alkyl or aryl chain, which may or may not besubstituted.

According to a preferential embodiment described in documents WO2005/095466 and WO 2006/024706 the X and R′ groups are such that:

-   -   X represents Na or H and    -   R′ represents an alkyl chain having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms.

To implement a controlled radical polymerisation of RAFT type, and thusobtaining a polymer with the expected molecular weight and asatisfactory IP index, it is important to introduce into the reactivemedium an available quantity of chain transfer agent, in other words toadd a quantity of chain transfer agent such that each chain to bepolymerised is functionalised by a chain transfer agent. In addition, itis important that this chain transfer agent is already available whenthe polymerisation is initiated, i.e. when the polymerisation reactor isheated and radicals are generated. This implies that substantialquantities of chain transfer agents must be used in a controlled radicalpolymerisation method of RAFT type.

Despite all the advantages resulting from RAFT polymerisation, the useof such quantities of chain transfer agents has a number ofdisadvantages.

Firstly, it is established that chain transfer agents are expensiveproducts, which has a a significant impact on the cost of the polymerobtained.

In addition, when sulphurous chain transfer agents are used, asdescribed in documents WO 02/070571, WO 2005/095466 and WO 2006/024706,it is observed that the polymer resulting from such a controlled radicalpolymerisation method of RAFT type carries the chain transfer agent, orsome of its residues, in its backbone. This can particularly be revealedby RMN analyses. It is therefore necessary to hydrolyse, for examplewith sodium hydroxide NaOH, the product resulting from this method,which constitutes an additional step in the method. In addition, we notethat a fraction of these compounds will be degraded into free sulphurousby-products of CS₂ and H₂S type, and be found in the final aqueouspolymer solution, and in the run-off water of the process, which mayhave a negative impact on human beings and on the environment. Inaddition, the presence of these sulphurous by-products in the aqueoussolution during the polymer use causes gaseous releases, which areharmful for human beings. This is particularly the case when the polymeris used as a dispersing or grinding aid agent of mineral material, forexample when calcium carbonate CaCO₃ is ground.

Carbon sulphide, of CS₂ chemical formula, is a particularly toxicproduct likely to impair fertility. Hydrogen sulphide, of H₂S chemicalformula, is a malodorous acidic gas, which is very harmful for aquaticorganisms, and that may be lethal if inhaled. It should also be notedthat mercaptans have the same disadvantages as hydrogen sulphide.Regulatory authorities require precise classification of suchby-products in polymer solutions likely to contain them, including atrelatively low concentration rates.

One object of the present invention is to propose a method which enablesto provide an aqueous solution of polymers with fewer carbon sulphide orhydrogen sulphide type by-products, so as to reduce the risks on humanbeings and on the environment when the polymer is synthesized, but alsowhen the polymer solution is used, especially for mineral materialgrinding.

Another object of the present invention is to suggest a method forpreparing a polymer.

Another object of the present invention is to offer a method forpreparing a (meth)acrylic acid polymer with a molecular weight less than8,000 g/mol, for example less than 7,000 g/mol.

Another object of the present invention is to offer a method forpreparing a solvent-free polyacrylic polymer, i.e. which does notgenerate volatile organic compounds.

Yet another object of the present invention is to offer a method formanufacturing a polymer with a satisfactory IP index, while controllingthe costs associated with this method.

Another object of the present invention is to offer a method formanufacturing a polymer which does not carry in its backbone any sulphuror phosphorus atoms derived from the polymerisation reactants, and whichhas nonetheless a low molecular weight.

Yet another object of the present invention is to reduce the quantity ofpollutants in the process waste water, related to the use of reactantsincluding sulphur and phosphorus.

The inventors have discovered, in a surprising manner, a solvent-freepreparation method for preparing a polymer of (meth)acrylic acid insolution, where said polymer has a molecular weight less than 8,000g/mol and a polydispersity IP index between 2 and 3, and which includesthe following steps:

-   -   a) water, and optionally a water-soluble metal salt-based        catalyst, are introduced into a synthesis reactor,    -   b) the reactor is heated to a temperature of at least 60° C.,    -   c) the following compounds are continuously and simultaneously        introduced into the reactor:        -   b1) the (meth)acrylic monomer(s) to be polymerised,        -   b2) at least one compound of formula (I):

-   -   -   wherein:            -   X represents Na, K or H, and            -   R represents an alkyl chain from 1 to 5 carbon atoms        -   b3) a polymerisation initiator system,        -   where the mass percentage (weight/weight) between said            compound of formula (I) and said (meth)acrylic monomer(s) is            between 0.1 and 2.5%.

Indeed the method of the present invention enables to provide polymerswith a molecular weight of less than 8,000 g/mol, for example less than7,000 g/mol, for example of about 6,000 g/mol.

According to one embodiment of the present invention, the polymers havea molecular weight greater than 500 g/mol, for example greater than1,000 g/mol.

The aqueous solution of polymers obtained in this manner ischaracterised in that, without undertaking any required treatment, forexample a neutralisation of this solution, a degree of polymeric purityis obtained such that the molar percentage (mole/mole) between thesulphurous polymers of (meth)acrylic acid and the total polymers of(meth)acrylic acid is less than 0.1%, as measured by RMN and diffusionspectroscopy or DOSY method.

DOSY (Diffusion Ordered SpectroscopY) is a two-dimensional RMN techniquewhich enables to determine the structure of organic compounds in a blendwithout prior physical separation. The molecules are discriminatedaccording to their self-diffusion coefficient D, i.e. according to theirhydrodynamic radius. This results in a 2-D map showing marks whichcorrelate each RMN signal to a coefficient D, which enables the RMNspectrum of each of the compounds of the blend to be isolated.

The expression “sulphurous polymers of (meth)acrylic acid” meanspolymers including a central trithiocarbonate structure, for examplewith the following formulas:

or polymers including thiol chain ends, for example of the followingformulae:

The method of the present invention, which is not a RAFT type radicalpolymerisation method (firstly, because of the quantity of compounds offormula (I) used and, secondly, because of the introduction order of thereactants into the synthesis reactor) thus enables to obtain an aqueouspolymers solution which, advantageously includes, firstly, fewersulphurous polymers of (meth)acrylic acid than a polymer solutionobtained following a RAFT type radical polymerisation method; secondly,the solution obtained by this method includes fewer H₂S or CS₂ typereaction by-products than the polymer solution obtained following a RAFTtype radical polymerisation method. Although the polydispersity index ofthe poly(meth)acrylic polymer obtained is higher than the one obtainedusing a RAFT type radical polymerisation method, such an aqueoussolution of polymers obtained according to the method of the presentinvention has a higher degree of purity than a solution obtained by aRAFT type radical polymerisation method. This higher degree of puritycould not have been obtained through the use of a conventional method orby means of purification techniques, such that the aqueous solution ofpolymers according to the present invention must be recognized as new inrelation to the aqueous polymer solutions of the prior art.

The method of the invention thus enables reduced contamination of thepolymer obtained, and also reduced production of polluting CS₂ or H₂Stype by-products, since the mass percentage between the compound offormula (I) and the monomers to be polymerised is reduced to a valuebetween 0.1 and 2.5%.

The method of the present invention also enables to solve one of themajor technical problems of the present invention, namely providing amethod for preparinga polymer with a molar weight less than 8,000 g/mol,for example less than 6,000 g/mol.

It should also be noted that the method of the invention is a methodwhich does not use solvents, for example secondary alcohols such asisopropanol, or any other solvent likely to generate volatile organiccompounds (COV).

The method of the present invention also has the advantage of providinga high rate of conversion within a reaction time which is reasonable forthe industry. According to one embodiment of the method according to theinvention, the reaction time of step c) is less than 4 hours.

Step c) of the method of the present invention uses at least onecompound of the following formula (I):

formula (I) according to which:

-   -   X represents Na, K or H, and    -   R represents an alkyl chain having from 1 to 5 carbon atoms.

The expression “alkyl chain having from 1 to 5 carbon atoms” means amethyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, tert-butyl, isobutyl or pentylchain.

According to the present invention, the mass percentage (weight/weight)between said chain transfer agent and said (meth)acrylic monomer(s) isbetween 0.1 and 2.5%.

According to one embodiment of the present invention, the masspercentage (weight/weight) between said compound of formula (I) and said(meth)acrylic monomer(s) is between 0.15 and 2.1%.

According to another embodiment of the present invention, the masspercentage (weight/weight) between said compound of formula (I) and said(meth)acrylic monomer(s) is between 0.15 and 1.5%.

According to one embodiment of the present invention, said compound offormula (I) is compound (IV), i.e. compound (I) in which X represents Naand R represents CH₃, and the mass percentage (weight/weight) betweensaid compound of formula (I) and said (meth)acrylic monomer(s) isbetween 0.1 and 1.75%.

According to another embodiment of the present invention, said compoundof formula (I) is compound (IV), i.e. compound (I) in which X representsNa and R represents CH₃, and the mass percentage (weight/weight) betweensaid compound of formula (I) and said (meth)acrylic monomer(s) isbetween 0.15 and 1.5%.

Yet, according to another embodiment of the present invention, saidcompound of formula (I) is compound (IV), i.e. compound (I) in which Xrepresents Na and R represents CH₃, and the mass percentage(weight/weight) between said compound of formula (I) and said(meth)acrylic monomer(s) is between 0.15 and 0.5%.

The constituents are “continuously” introduced into the synthesisreactor, i.e. at a constant or variable speed, but without interruptingthe introduction.

The constituents are also “simultaneously” introduced into the synthesisreactor, i.e. the various constituents are introduced at the same time.

According to one embodiment of the method of the present invention, theconstituents are “proportionally” introduced into the synthesis reactor,i.e. the proportion of each constituent of the blend introduced into thesynthesis reactor remains constant over the reaction time, in relationto the other constituents of the blend.

The expression “the (meth)acrylic monomer(s) to be polymerised” meansthat the aim of the method of the invention is to manufacture either apolymer consisting exclusively of acrylic acid (a homopolymer of acrylicacid), or a polymer consisting exclusively of a methacrylic acid (ahomopolymer of methacrylic acid) or, alternatively, a polymer consistingof a blend of acrylic acid and of methacrylic acid (anacrylic-methacrylic acid copolymer). In the latter case, according toone aspect of the invention, the molar ratio between the acrylic acidand the methacrylic acid can vary between 1:100 and 100:1, for examplebetween 1:1 and 100:1, or between 1:1 and 50:1.

“A polymerisation initiator system” or “polymerisation activator system”means a system able to initiate the polymerisation of the monomers.Conventionally, this consists of a chemical compound able to generatefree radicals.

According to one aspect of the present invention, the polymerisationinitiator system is chosen from the group consisting of hydrogenperoxide, sodium persulphates, potassium persulphates, ammoniumpersulphates, hydroperoxides and a blend of at least two of thesecompounds.

According to another aspect of the present invention, the polymerisationinitiator system is hydrogen peroxide, H₂O₂.

According to one aspect of the present invention, a water-soluble metalsalt-based catalyst, chosen among the group consisting of coppersulphate, iron sulphate and a blend of these compounds, is introducedinto the synthesis reactor in step a) of the method.

Yet according to another aspect of the present invention, the masspercentage (weight/weight) between said water-soluble metal salt-basedcatalyst and said (meth)acrylic monomer(s) is between 0.01 and 3%, forexample between 0.5% and 2.5%.

According to another aspect of the present invention, said at least onecompound of formula (I) is dipropyl trithiocarbonate (DPTTC, CAS No.6332-91-8) or its salts, for example its disodium salt (sodiumdipropionate trithiocarbonate, CAS No. 86470-33-2), as represented byformula (IV) below:

Polymers are generally characterised by two indices/magnitudes/values:

-   -   polymolecularity IP index (also indifferently called,        polydispersity PD); and    -   molecular mass in weight.

The polymolecularity index corresponds to the distribution of the molarmasses of the different macromolecules within the polymer. If all themacromolecules are of the same length (and therefore of the samemolecular weight), this index is close to 1. If, conversely, themacromolecules are of different lengths (and therefore of differentmolecular weight), the IP index is greater than 1. For the polymer toconstitute an effective dispersing or grinding aid agent of mineralmaterials, we generally try to move the IP value as close as possibleto 1. for example This effectiveness is measured, by the quantity ofmineral material likely to be dispersed or ground into water, withoutthe viscosity of the manufactured suspension making this suspensionimpossible to handle, transport or pump.

According to the present invention, the polymer in solution obtainedaccording to the method described has a molecular mass less than 8,000g/mol and a polydispersity index IP between 2 and 3.

An RMN analysis combined with diffusion spectroscopy can highlight thepossible presence of units derived from formula (I) at the end of thepolymer chain according to the invention. The RMN and diffusionspectroscopy methods are known to those skilled in the art.

RMN spectra (1D and 2D) can, for example, be produced using a Bruker AV500 spectrometer fitted with a TXI (1H/13C/31P) 5 mm probe. The samplesare dissolved in deuterated water and examined in RMN ¹H withpresaturation of the water signal and in RMN ¹³C: experiments 1D and 2D(simple and long-distance ¹H/¹³C correlations).

According to one aspect of the present invention, the reactionconditions are such that the rate of conversion of the monomers to bepolymerised is greater than 99%.

The quantity of residual monomers (acrylic acid or methacrylic acid) canbe evaluated by high-pressure liquid chromatography (CHLP). In thismethod the components constituting the blend are separated for astationary phase and detected by a UV detector. After the detector hasbeen calibrated, it is possible, from the area of the peak correspondingto the acrylic compound, to obtain the quantity of residual(meth)acrylic acid.

This method is notably described in the manual “Chimie OrganiqueExpérimentale” [Experimental Organic Chemistry], by M. Chavanne, A.Julien, G. J. Beaudoin, E. Flamand, second Edition, Editions Modulo,chapter 18, pages 271-325.

According to another aspect of the present invention, the reactionconditions are such that the rate of conversion of the monomers to bepolymerised is greater than 99.5%. In this case, the quantity ofresidual monomers is less than 0.5% or less than 5,000 ppm.

According to another aspect of the present invention, the reactionconditions are such that the rate of conversion of the monomers to bepolymerised is greater than 99.7%. In this case, the quantity ofresidual monomers is less than 0.3% or less than 3,000 ppm.

According to one aspect of the present invention, according to step b)of the method, the reactor is heated to a temperature of at least 80°C., for example to 95° C.

According to another aspect of the invention, the method includes nostep of elimination of reaction by-products after step c) ofpolymerisation.

The present invention also relates to an aqueous solution of polymers of(meth)acrylic acid, characterised in that it is obtained by the methodaccording to the invention, where said polymers have a molecular weightless than 8,000 g/mol and a polydispersity IP index between 2 and 3, andwhere the molar percentage (mol/mol) between the sulphurous polymers of(meth)acrylic acid and the total polymers of (meth)acrylic acid are lessthan 0.1%, as measured by RMN.

According to one aspect of the present invention, this polymer solutioncontains a quantity of unpolymerised (meth)acrylic monomer(s) less than2% by weight, as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).

According to one embodiment of the invention, this polymer solutioncontains a quantity of unpolymerised (meth)acrylic monomer(s) less than0.3% by weight.

According to another embodiment of the invention, this polymer solutioncontains a quantity of unpolymerised (meth)acrylic monomer(s) of lessthan 0.1% by weight.

According to one aspect of the invention, this solution is characterisedin that it contains a quantity of CS₂ by-products less than 0.1% byweight, as determined by gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy.

According to one embodiment of the invention, this polymer solutioncontains a quantity of CS₂ by-products less than 0.05% by weight, i.e.less than 500 ppm.

According to another embodiment of the invention, this polymer solutioncontains a quantity of CS₂ by-products less than 0.01% by weight, i.e.less than 100 ppm.

yet According to another embodiment, this polymer solution contains aquantity of CS₂ by-products of less than 50 ppm.

According to one aspect of the invention, this solution is characterisedin that it contains a quantity of H₂S by-products less than 0.01% byweight, as determined by gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy.

Finally, the present invention relates to the different uses of theaqueous solution of polymers according to the invention.

The invention relates in particular to the use of an aqueous solution ofpolymers of (meth)acrylic acid according to the invention as a grindingaid agent and/or co-grinding aid agent of mineral material.

The expression “mineral material” means a mineral material chosen amongthe group consisting of natural or synthetic calcium carbonate, thedolomites, limestone, kaolin, talc, gypsum, lime, magnesium, titaniumdioxide, satin white, aluminium trioxide or aluminium trihydroxide, thesilicas, mica and a blend of these fillers between themselves, such astalc-calcium carbonate, calcium carbonate-kaolin blends, or again blendsof calcium carbonate with aluminium trihydroxide or aluminium trioxide,or blends with synthetic or natural fibres, or mineral co-structuressuch as talc-calcium carbonate or talc-titanium dioxide co-structures,or their blends, and in that said mineral material is chosenpreferentially among natural or synthetic calcium carbonate or talc ortheir blends, and in that they are very preferentially chosen amongnatural or synthetic calcium carbonate or their blends.

The invention also relates to the use of an aqueous solution of polymersof (meth)acrylic acid according to the invention to disperse particlesof mineral material in solution.

According to one embodiment, the aqueous solution of polymers of(meth)acrylic acid as obtained by the method according to the inventionis used to disperse particles of calcium carbonate in solution.

The invention also relates to the use of an aqueous solution of polymersof (meth)acrylic acid according to the invention to prepare a suspensionof mineral material, for example a calcium carbonate suspension.

EXAMPLES

In each of the following examples the molecular weight of the polymersaccording to the invention is determined by Gel PermeationChromatography (GPC).

Such a technique uses a liquid chromatography device of WATERS™trademark, equipped with a detector. This detector is a refractometricconcentration detector of WATERS™ trademark.

This liquid chromatography equipment is fitted with a steric exclusioncolumn appropriately chosen by those skilled in the art in order toseparate the different molecular weights of the analysed polymers. Theliquid elution phase is an aqueous phase adjusted to pH 9.00 with sodiumhydroxide 1N containing 0.05M of NaHCO3, 0.1M of NaNO3, 0.02M oftriethanolamine and 0.03% of NaN3.

In a detailed manner, according to a first step, the polymerisationsolution is diluted at a 0.9% dry rate in the GPC solubilisationsolvent, which corresponds to the GPC's liquid elution phase, to whichis added 0.04% of dimethylformamide, which plays the role of flow markeror internal standard. A 0.2 μm filter is then applied. 100 μL is theninjected into the chromatography device (eluent: an aqueous phaseadjusted to pH 9.00 withsodium hydroxide 1N containing 0.05M of NaHCO3,0.1M of NaNO3, 0.02M of triethanolamine and 0.03% of NaN3).

The liquid chromatography device contains an isocratic pump (WATERS™515) whose flow rate is set to 0.8 ml/min. The chromatography devicealso includes an oven, which itself includes the following system ofcolumns, in series: a precolumn of the GUARD COLUMN ULTRAHYDROGELWATERS™ type, measuring 6 cm long and 40 mm internal diameter, and alinear column of ULTRAHYDROGEL WATERS™ type, measuring 30 cm longand 7.8mm internal diameter. The detection system, in turn, consists of arefractometric detector of RI WATERS™ 410 type. The oven is heated to atemperature of 60° C. and the refractometer is heated to a temperatureof 45° C.

The chromatography device is calibrated by standards of powdered sodiumpolyacrylate of different molecular weights, certified for the supplier:POLYMER STANDARD SERVICE or AMERICAN POLYMER STANDARDS CORPORATION.

The polydispersity IP index of the polymer is the ratio of themass-average molecular mass in weight Mw to the number-average molecularmass Mn.

The quantity of residual monomers is measured using conventionaltechniques, known to those skilled in the art, for example high-pressureliquid chromatography (CHLP).

Example 1

The purpose of this example is to illustrate the preparation of(meth)acrylic acid polymers according to the invention, through the useof a dipropionate trithiocarbonate salt (DPTTC) as a weight percentage(weight/weight) between said DPTTC salt and said (meth)acrylicmonomer(s) between 0.1 and 2.5% (invention) or outside this range(outside the invention).

Test 1—Prior Art

This test illustrates a method of preparation of a polymer by means ofcontrolled radical polymerisation of RAFT type.

In the synthesis reactor fitted with a mechanical stirring system and aheating system of oil bath type, 328 g of water, 94 g of DPTTC chaintransfer agent 29% (that is 27 g of DPTTC 100% or 0.092 mole) are added.

Heat is applied until a temperature of 95° C. is attained.

Over 2 hours, 328 g of acrylic acid 100% (4.558 moles) and,simultaneously with the acrylic acid, the free radicals source, in thiscase 4 g of sodium persulphate Na₂S₂O₈ (0.017 mole) dissolved in 76 g ofwater and 1.15 g of sodium metabisulphate Na₂S₂O₅ (0.006 mole) dissolvedin 76 g of water, are poured in.

The temperature is maintained for 2 h, and it is then treated byinjecting 3.2 g of hydrogen peroxide 130V diluted with 46 g of water.

The medium is then neutralised while stirring with 381 g of sodiumhydroxide 50% diluted with 48 g of water.

Finally, the blend is treated, still at 95° C., with a solutionconsisting of 7.83 g of sodium persulphate dissolved in 15 g of waterand a solution of 5.59 g of hydrogen peroxide, and cooking is thenresumed for 1 hour at 95° C., followed by cooling to ambienttemperature.

Test 2—Prior Art

According to this test, the conditions of test 1 are reproduced whilereducing by a factor of 10 the quantity of DPTTC chain transfer agentused.

In the synthesis reactor fitted with a mechanical stirring system and aheating system of oil bath type, 328 g of water, 19 g of DPTTC chaintransfer agent 14% (2.7 g of DPTTC 100% or 0.0092 mole) are added.

Heat is applied until a temperature of 95° C. is attained.

Over 2 hours, 328 g of acrylic acid 100% (4.558 moles) and,simultaneously with the acrylic acid, the free radicals source, in thiscase 4 g of sodium persulphate Na₂S₂O₈ (0.017 mole) dissolved in 76 g ofwater and 1.15 g of sodium metabisulphate Na₂S₂O₅ (0.006 mole) dissolvedin 76 g of water, are poured in.

The temperature is maintained for 2 h, and it is then treated byinjecting 3.2 g of hydrogen peroxide 130V diluted with 46 g of water.

The medium is then neutralised whilst stirring with 381 g of sodiumhydroxide 50% diluted with 48 g of water.

Finally, the blend is treated, still at 95° C., with a solutionconsisting of 7.83 g of sodium persulphate dissolved in 15 g of waterand a solution of 5.59 g of hydrogen peroxide, and cooking is thenresumed for 1 hour at 95° C., followed by cooling to ambienttemperature.

Test 3—Prior Art

This test corresponds to test 2 of example 2 in document WO 2005/095466.

In the synthesis reactor fitted with a mechanical stirring system and aheating system of oil bath type, 150 g of water, 20.31 g of DPTTC chaintransfer agent 14.4% (2.92 g of DPTTC 100%), and 50 g of acrylic acid100% are added. The free radicals source, in this case 0.4 g of V501, isthen added. Heat is applied until a temperature of 95° C. is attained.The temperature is then maintained for 2 h, followed by cooling toambient temperature.

The medium is then neutralised with 55 g of sodium hydroxide 50%

Test 4—Invention

In a synthesis reactor fitted with a mechanical stirring system and aheating system of oil bath type, 213.4 g of water, 0.27 g of ironsulphate heptahydrate and 0.32 g of copper sulphate pentahydrate areadded.

The medium is heated to 95° C., then the following elements aresimultaneously and continuously added, over 2 hours:

-   -   a stock solution of 1.91 g of 14% DPTTC disodium salt (that is        0.27 g of DPTTC 100%) diluted in 31.1 g of water,    -   35.3 g of hydrogen peroxide 130V diluted in 9.4 g of water and    -   279.9 g of acrylic acid diluted with 31 g of water.

Cooking continues for 1 h30 at 95° C.

The medium is neutralised with 250 g of sodium hydroxide 50%.

Test 5—Invention

In a synthesis reactor fitted with a mechanical stirring system and aheating system of oil bath type, 213.4 g of water, 0.27 g of ironsulphate heptahydrate and 0.32 g of copper sulphate pentahydrate areadded.

The medium is heated to 95° C., then the following elements aresimultaneously and continuously added, over 2 hours:

-   -   a stock solution of 34.31 g of 14% DPTTC disodium salt (that is        4.80 g of DPTTC 100%) diluted in 34.31 g of water,    -   35.3 g of hydrogen peroxide 130V diluted with 9.4 g of water and    -   279.9 g of acrylic acid diluted with 31 g of water.

Cooking continues for 1 h30 at 95° C.

The medium is neutralised with 250 g of sodium hydroxide 50%.

Test 6—Invention

In a synthesis reactor fitted with a mechanical stirring system and aheating system of oil bath type, 213.4 g of water, 0.27 g of ironsulphate heptahydrate and 0.32 g of copper sulphate pentahydrate areadded.

The medium is heated to 95° C., then the following elements aresimultaneously and continuously added, over 2 hours:

-   -   a stock solution of 3.35 g of 20.9% DPTTC disodium salt (that is        0.70 g of DPTTC 100%) diluted in 31 g of water,    -   35.3 g of hydrogen peroxide 130V diluted with 9.4 g of water and    -   279.9 g of acrylic acid diluted with 31 g of water.

Cooking continues for 1 h30 at 95° C.

The medium is neutralised with 250 g of sodium hydroxide 50%.

Test 7—Invention

In a synthesis reactor fitted with a mechanical stirring system and aheating system of oil bath type, 213.4 g of water, 0.27 g of ironsulphate heptahydrate and 0.32 g of copper sulphate pentahydrate areadded.

The medium is heated to 95° C., then the following elements aresimultaneously and continuously added, over 2 hours:

-   -   a stock solution of 6.695 g of 20.9% DPTTC disodium salt (that        is 1.4 g of DPTTC 100%) diluted with 31 g of water,    -   35.3 g of hydrogen peroxide 130V diluted in 9.4 g of water and    -   279.9 g of acrylic acid diluted with 31 g of water.

Cooking continues for 1 h30 at 95° C.

The medium is neutralised with 250 g of sodium hydroxide 50%.

Test 8—Invention

In a synthesis reactor fitted with a mechanical stirring system and aheating system of oil bath type, 213.4 g of water, 0.27 g of ironsulphate heptahydrate and 0.32 g of copper sulphate pentahydrate areadded.

The medium is heated to 95° C., then the following elements aresimultaneously and continuously added, over 2 hours:

-   -   a stock solution of 10.04 g of 20.9% DPTTC disodium salt (that        is 2.1 g of DPTTC 100%) diluted with 31 g of water,    -   35.3 g of hydrogen peroxide 130V diluted in 9.4 g of water and    -   279.9 g of acrylic acid diluted with 31 g of water.

Cooking continues for 1 h30 at 95° C.

The medium is neutralised with 250 g of sodium hydroxide 50%.

Test 9—Invention

In a synthesis reactor fitted with a mechanical stirring system and aheating system of oil bath type, 213.4 g of water, 0.27 g of ironsulphate heptahydrate and 0.32 g of copper sulphate pentahydrate areadded.

The medium is heated to 95° C., then the following elements aresimultaneously and continuously added, over 2 hours:

-   -   a stock solution of 13.39 g of 20.9% DPTTC disodium salt (that        is 2.8 g of DPTTC 100%) diluted with 31 g of water,    -   35.3 g of hydrogen peroxide 130V diluted with 9.4 g of water and    -   279.9 g of acrylic acid diluted with 31 g of water.

Cooking continues for 1 h30 at 95° C.

The medium is neutralised with 250 g of sodium hydroxide 50%.

Test 10—Invention

In a synthesis reactor fitted with a mechanical stirring system and aheating system of oil bath type, 213.4 g of water, 0.27 g of ironsulphate heptahydrate and 0.32 g of copper sulphate pentahydrate areadded.

The medium is heated to 95° C., then the following elements aresimultaneously and continuously added, over 2 hours:

-   -   a stock solution of 16.7 g of 20.9% DPTTC disodium salt (that is        approximately 3.5 g of DPTTC 100%) diluted with 31 g of water,    -   35.3 g of hydrogen peroxide 130V diluted with 9.4 g of water and    -   279.9 g of acrylic acid diluted with 31 g of water.

Cooking continues for 1 h30 at 95° C.

The medium is neutralised with 250 g of sodium hydroxide 50%.

Test 11—Invention

In a synthesis reactor fitted with a mechanical stirring system and aheating system of oil bath type, 213.4 g of water, 0.27 g of ironsulphate heptahydrate and 0.32 g of copper sulphate pentahydrate areadded.

The medium is heated to 95° C., then the following elements aresimultaneously and continuously added, over 2 hours:

-   -   a stock solution of 20.1 g of 20.9% DPTTC disodium salt (that is        4.2 g of DPTTC 100%) diluted with 31 g of water,    -   35.3 g of hydrogen peroxide 130V diluted with 9.4 g of water and    -   279.9 g of acrylic acid diluted with 31 g of water.

Cooking continues for 1 h30 at 95° C.

The medium is neutralised with 250 g of sodium hydroxide 50%.

Test 12—Invention

In a synthesis reactor fitted with a mechanical stirring system and aheating system of oil bath type, 213.4 g of water, 0.27 g of ironsulphate heptahydrate and 0.32 g of copper sulphate pentahydrate areadded.

The medium is heated to 95° C., then the following elements aresimultaneously and continuously added, over 2 hours:

-   -   a stock solution of 23.43 g of 20.9% DPTTC disodium salt (that        is 4.9 g of DPTTC 100%) diluted with 31 g of water,    -   35.3 g of hydrogen peroxide 130V diluted with 9.4 g of water and    -   279.9 g of acrylic acid diluted with 31 g of water.

Cooking continues for 1 h30 at 95° C.

The medium is neutralised with 250 g of sodium hydroxide 50%.

Test 13—Invention

In a synthesis reactor fitted with a mechanical stirring system and aheating system of oil bath type, 213.4 g of water, 0.27 g of ironsulphate heptahydrate and 0.32 g of copper sulphate pentahydrate areadded.

The medium is heated to 95° C., then the following elements aresimultaneously and continuously added, over 2 hours:

-   -   a stock solution of 26.78 g of 20.9% DPTTC disodium salt (that        is 5.6 g of DPTTC 100%) diluted with 31 g of water,    -   35.3 g of hydrogen peroxide 130V diluted with 9.4 g of water and    -   279.9 g of acrylic acid diluted with 31 g of water.

Cooking continues for 1 h30 at 95° C.

The medium is neutralised with 250 g of sodium hydroxide 50%.

Test 14—Invention

In a synthesis reactor fitted with a mechanical stirring system and aheating system of oil bath type, 213.4 g of water, 0.27 g of ironsulphate heptahydrate and 0.32 g of copper sulphate pentahydrate areadded.

The medium is heated to 95° C., then the following elements aresimultaneously and continuously added, over 2 hours:

-   -   a stock solution of 33.476 g of 20.9% DPTTC disodium salt (that        is 7 g of DPTTC 100%) diluted in 31 g of water,    -   35.3 g of hydrogen peroxide 130V diluted in 9.4 g of water and    -   279.9 g of acrylic acid diluted in 31 g of water.

Cooking continues for 1 h30 at 95° C.

The medium is neutralised with 250 g of sodium hydroxide 50%.

% by mass PA Test INVention DPTTC/ Mw residuals n^(o) Prior Art monomers(g/mole) IP pH (ppm) 1 PA 8.23 5,065 1.5 9 500 2 PA 0.82 43,400 3.5 8.5113 3 PA 5.8 4,947 1.55 9 4 INV 0.10 8,925 3 8 86 5 INV 1.71 3,800 2.28.4 7,650 6 INV 0.25 6,595 2.7 7.5 340 7 INV 0.50 6,475 2.9 8.2 360 8INV 0.75 5,040 2.5 7.9 1,200 9 INV 1.0 4,615 2.3 7.9 2,660 10 INV 1.254,540 2.4 8 4,196 11 INV 1.5 4,175 2.3 8 3,084 12 INV 1.75 3,930 2.2 8.15,245 13 INV 2.0 3,965 2.2 7.9 5,125 14 INV 2.5 3,225 2.2 8 8,233

Example 2

The purpose of this example is to illustrate the isopropanol, carbonsulphide and hydrogen sulphide contents of different samples usingpolymer solutions of the prior art or polymer solutions according to thepresent invention.

The analyzes of the different samples are made using Agilent G1530 gaschromatography coupled with an Agilent G2577A mass spectrometer as adetector. The injection is made using an Agilent G1888 head-space. A 30m×0.25 mm×1 μm Agilent HP5 column is used (5% phenyl and 95%methylsiloxane phase), which allows elution of the analyzes. Theanalysis is undertaken from 2 grams of the samples as they are.Quantification is accomplished by the standard addition method.

Test 1—Polymer Solution

3 syntheses are made:

-   -   a polyacrylic dispersing agent prepared using a polymerisation        method in isopropanol; Mw=5,500; IP=2.4    -   a polyacrylic dispersing agent prepared using a controlled        radical polymerisation method of RAFT type, according to test 1        of example 1 above (without post-treatment), with the        dipropionate trithiocarbonate (DPTTC) as the chain transfer        agent in a mass percentage (weight/weight) between said DPTTC        compound and the acrylic acid monomers equal to 8.23%; Mw=5,065;        IP=1.5    -   a polymer solution of the polyacrylic acid prepared using a        method according to the present invention, according to test 8        of example 1 above, with the dipropionate trithiocarbonate        (DPTTC) as the compound of formula (I) in a mass percentage        (weight/weight) between said DPTTC compound and the acrylic acid        monomers equal to 0.75%; Mw=5040; IP=2.5.

Samples 1, 2 and 3 respectively are obtained.

The results of these sample analyses are recorded in table 1 below.

TABLE 1 Isopropanol H₂S CS₂ INVention content content content SamplesPrior Art (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) 1 PA - iso 2000 nd nd 2 PA - RAFT nd 2001000 3 INV nd nd nd

The analysis of sample 1, i.e. a polyacrylic dispersing agent preparedusing a prior art method withisopropanol, indicates a high residualisopropanol content (2,000 ppm).

The analysis of sample 2, i.e. a polyacrylic dispersing agent obtainedby means of a RAFT method, indicates substantial contents of H₂S and CS₂sulphurous by-products, which constitutes a major disadvantage due totheir toxicity.

The analysis of sample 3, i.e. a polyacrylic acid polymer solutionprepared using a method according to the present invention, shows thatisopropanol, H₂S and CS₂ contents are non-detectable. Risks for humanbeings and for the environment in the course of the polymer synthesis,but also during the use of the polymeric solution, notably the grindingof mineral material, are thus substantially reduced.

Test 2—Calcium Carbonate Suspension

Three calcium carbonate suspensions are prepared, from a 76% coarsecalcite concentration (Omya), each containing 1.1 wt. % (dry/dry) of thefollowing dispersing agent:

3 syntheses are made:

-   -   a polyacrylic dispersing agent prepared using a polymerisation        method in isopropanol; Mw=5,500; IP=2.4    -   a polyacrylic dispersing agent prepared using a controlled        radical polymerisation method of RAFT type, according to test 1        of example 1 above (without post-treatment), with dipropionate        trithiocarbonate (DPTTC) as achain transfer agent in a mass        percentage (weight/weight) between said DPTTC compound and the        acrylic acid monomers that is equal to 8.23%; Mw=5,065; IP=1.5    -   a dispersing agent which is a polymer solution of the        polyacrylic acid prepared using a method according to the        present invention, according to test 8 of example 1 above, with        dipropionate trithiocarbonate (DPTTC) as acompound of        formula (I) in a mass percentage (weight/weight) between said        DPTTC compound and acrylic acid monomers that is equal to 0.75%;        Mw=5040; IP=2.5.

Samples 4, 5 and 6 are respectively obtained.

Test 3—Use of Polymer Solutions for Grinding Calcium Carbonate

This test illustrates the use of different polymer solutions as grindingaid agents of mineral material and more specifically of calciumcarbonate. Three calcium carbonate suspensions are prepared, from a 76%coarse calcite concentration (Omya), each containing 0.6 wt. % (dry/dry)of the following agent:

3 syntheses are made:

-   -   an agent of polyacrylic acid polymer type prepared using a        polymerisation method in isopropanol; Mw=5,500; IP=2.4    -   an agent of polyacrylic acid polymer type, prepared using a        controlled radical polymerisation method of RAFT type, according        to test 1 of example 1 above (without post-treatment), with        dipropionate trithiocarbonate (DPTTC) as a chain transfer agent        in a mass percentage (weight/weight) between said DPTTC compound        and acrylic acid monomers that is equal to 8.23%; Mw=5,065;        IP=1.5    -   a polymer solution of polyacrylic acid prepared using a method        according to the present invention, according to test 8 of        example 1 above, with dipropionate trithiocarbonate (DPTTC) as a        compound of formula (I) in a mass percentage (weight/weight)        between said DPTTC compound and acrylic acid monomers that is        equal to 0.75%; Mw=5040; IP=2.5.

The dose of grinding aid agents is increased to 1.1 wt. % by successiveadditions during the grinding period, using a grinder of Dyno MILL type,of KDL Pilote 1.4L type, containing 2.850 g of VERAC beads (Ø0.6-1.0mm).

The grinding is continued until we obtain a suspension refined to 76%concentration, and among which approximately 80% of the particles havean equivalent spherical diameter less than 1 μm, is obtained.

The temperature of the suspension is maintained below 55° C. during theentire experiment. The beaker containing the slurry is covered by analuminium film in order to restrict the release of volatile compoundsinto the atmosphere.

The samples are stored in flasks filled so as to leave no void volumethat may contain air.

Samples 7, 8 and 9 are respectively obtained.

RESULTS

The results of samples 4 to 9 analyses are recorded in table 2 below.

TABLE 2 Isopropanol CS₂ INVention content content Samples Prior ArtGrinding (ppm) (ppm) 4 PA - iso before 100 nd 5 PA - iso after 75 nd 6PA - RAFT before nd 20 7 PA - RAFT after nd  8 8 INV before nd nd 9 INVafter nd nd

The analysis of samples 8 and 9, i.e. a calcium carbonate suspensioncontaining a polyacrylic acid polymer solution prepared using a methodaccording to the present invention, shows that isopropanol and CS₂contents are non-detectable before and after grinding. Risks for humanbeings and for the environment during the polymeric solution use for thegrinding of mineral material are thus substantially reduced. However, areduction of the isopropanol content is observed during grinding(difference between samples 4 and 5), which indicates a release of VOC.A reduction of CS₂ content is also observed during grinding (differencebetween samples 6 and 7), which shows that CS₂ was released during thegrinding of calcium carbonate.

1-13. (canceled)
 14. An aqueous solution comprising water and a(meth)acrylic acid polymer, wherein: said (meth)acrylic acid polymer hasa molecular weight of less than 8,000 g/mol and a polydispersity IPindex of 2-3, said solution comprises a molar percentage (mol/mol) ofsulphurous polymers of (meth)acrylic acid that is less than 0.1% basedon the total amount of (meth)acrylic acid polymer, as measured by RMN,and said aqueous solution is prepared by a method for the organicsolvent-free preparation of a (meth)acrylic acid polymer in solutioncomprising: a) introducing water, and optionally a water-soluble metalsalt-based catalyst, into a synthesis reactor, b) heating the synthesisreactor to a temperature of at least 60° C., c) continuously andsimultaneously introducing into the reactor: b1) a (meth)acrylic acidmonomer, b2) a compound of formula (I):

wherein: X represents Na, K or H, and R represents an alkyl chain havingfrom 1 to 5 carbon atoms, and b3) a polymerisation initiator, where themass percentage (weight/weight) between the compound of formula (I) andthe (meth)acrylic acid monomer is 0.1-2.5%.
 15. The aqueous solutionaccording to claim 14, wherein the mass percentage (weight/weight)between said compound of formula (I) and said (meth)acrylic acid monomeris 0.15-1.5%.
 16. The aqueous solution according to claim 14, wherein inthe compound of formula (I) R is CH₃ and X is Na, and the masspercentage (weight/weight) between said compound of formula (I) and said(meth)acrylic acid monomer is 0.15-0.5%.
 17. The aqueous solutionaccording to claim 14, wherein the polymerisation initiator is hydrogenperoxide.
 18. The aqueous solution according to claim 14, wherein awater-soluble metal salt-based catalyst is introduced into the synthesisreactor.
 19. The aqueous solution according to claim 18, wherein thewater-soluble metal salt-based catalyst is selected from the groupconsisting of copper sulphate, iron sulphate and a mixture thereof. 20.The aqueous solution according to claim 18, wherein the mass percentage(weight/weight) between said water-soluble metal salt-based catalyst andsaid (meth)acrylic acid monomer is 0.01-3%.
 21. The aqueous solutionaccording to claim 19, wherein the mass percentage (weight/weight)between said water-soluble metal salt-based catalyst and said(meth)acrylic acid monomer is 0.5-2.5%.
 22. The aqueous solutionaccording to claim 14, wherein said method comprises no step ofelimination of reaction by-products after c).
 23. The aqueous solutionaccording to claim 14, wherein said solution comprises a quantity ofunpolymerized (meth)acrylic monomer that is less than 2% by weight, asdetermined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
 24. Theaqueous solution according to claim 14, wherein said solution comprisesa quantity of CS₂ by-product that is less than 0.1% by weight, asdetermined by gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy.
 25. The aqueoussolution according to claim 14, wherein all of a)-c) are conducted inthe absence of organic solvent.
 26. The aqueous solution according toclaim 14, wherein all steps of said method are conducted in the absenceof organic solvent.